What Is Marginal Utility in Economics

How To Write a Victim Impact Statement

Among the most effective tools victims have in the fight against crime is the victim impact statement, which is used at the sentencing of defendants and, in many states, at parole hearings. All 50 states allow some form of victim impact information at sentencing. Most states allow oral or written statements, or both, from the victim at the sentencing hearing and require victim impact information to be included in the pre-sentence report and given to the judge before imposing sentence. In most states, victim impact statements also are allowed at parole hearings; in other states a copy of the original statement is attached to the offenders file to be reviewed by the parole board. Some states allow these statements to be updated by the victims to include any additional impact the original crime has had on their lives. Part of the Justice Process In a few states, victim impact statements are allowed a bail hearings, pretrial release hearings, and plea bargain hearings. For most crime victims, these statements provide an opportunity to focus the courts attention on the human cost of the crime and allow the victims to become part of the criminal justice process. More than 80 percent of crime victims who have made such statements consider them to be a very important part of the process. In some states, the law allowing victim impact statements requires the judge or parole board to consider the statements in making decisions, giving them more impact on the judicial process and outcome. Elements of a Statement Typically, a victim impact statement will contain the following: The physical, financial, psychological, and emotional impact of the crime.The harm done to family relationships by the crime, such as the loss of a parent or caregiver.Medical treatment or psychological services required by the victim because of the crime.The need for restitution.The victims opinion of an appropriate sentence for the offender. How to Write a Statement Most states have victim impact statement forms for victims to complete. If the state does not have a form, focusing on the above questions is helpful. Also, all states have victim assistance programs, which anyone with questions about completing the statement can contact for help or clarification. Completing Your Statement Many people will read your statement, including the judge, attorneys, probation and parole officers, and prison treatment personnel. Here are some considerations: The answers should be written neatly or typed.Writing the answers first on a separate piece of paper will allow for errors to be fixed before transposing the information to the final form. Ask for additional forms if you make a mistake or decide to reword your answers.It is not mandatory that the answers fit into the space provided. Include additional sheets if necessary.Try to keep the answers concise, but write descriptively. You want to express the depth of how you feel—fear, trauma, and severe loss—and using descriptive words will help people identify with your experience. Filling Out the Form Here’s what to put on the form: How you felt while the crime was taking place and the emotional impact this crime has had on your life.The physical, psychological, and financial impact of the crime.Examples of how the crime has changed your life.Documented and itemized financial losses, major and minor, as a result of the crime: loss of work; moving expenses; cost of gas for trips to doctors offices as a result of injuries during the crime; and future expenses. What to Avoid Here’s what you should not put on the form: Do not include information that identifies your physical address, phone number, place of employment, or email address. The defendant will have access to your letter or the statement you read in court and could use the information to contact you in the future.Do not introduce new evidence not covered at the trial or repeat evidence already presented.Do not use derogatory or obscene language. To do so will diminish the impact of your statement.Do not describe any harm that you hope the offender will experience in prison. Reading the Statement in Court If you do not feel that you can read your statement in court or you become too emotional to finish it, ask for an alternate or family representative to read it for you. If you want to show a picture or some other object while giving your statement, ask the courts permission first. Write out your statement before speaking to the judge. Reading a statement can become very emotional, and it is easy to lose track of what you are saying. Having a written copy will help you cover all the points that you want to convey. Focus on speaking only to the judge. If you want to speak directly to the defendant, ask the judges permission to do so first. Directing your comments to the accused is not necessary. Anything you want to convey can be done by speaking directly to the judge. Avoiding Manipulation Do not let the defendant manipulate you into losing control. Many times criminals will purposely try to anger the victim during the statement so that they do not finish. They may snicker, laugh, make sarcastic faces, yawn loudly, or even make obscene gestures. Some criminals will even shout out derogatory comments about the victim. By staying focused on the judge, you can help keep the criminal from sabotaging your statement. Do not express anger about the trial, the attorneys, the court, or the offender. This is your time to express the pain you have experienced and influence the sentence the defendant will receive. Anger, explosive outbursts, obscene language, or references to what kind of harm you hope the defendant will face in prison will diminish the impact of your statement. Laws regarding victim impact statements vary from state to state. To find out the law in your state, contact the local prosecutors office, the state attorney generals office, or a local law library.

Academic Topics for Presentation Features

Academic Topics for Presentation Features Academic Topics for Presentation - What Is It? Better do not speak on the points which you do not feel comfortable to speak about. Once you choose this issue, you've got to center on the principal points of the speech. How to discover funny speech topics in one day. The conversation will cause a deep topic people value. You don't need to provide all the answers. The question could be part of your introduction, or it may make a good title. You'll be requested to answer a few questions related to your presentation. Most Noticeable Academic Topics for Presentation Keep the prose nice and clear. Anyway, a firmly humorous speech intends to create the audience laugh. It's much east to speak about humor when you're in a humorous mood. Thinking up interesting speech topics is similar to attempting to learn something new. Primary and secondary sources may be used. Inside of this column, you are going to learn about a few funny public speaking topics that will make it possible for you to mesmerize and make audiences laugh. All these funny public speaking topics may be the inspiration of a good speech. Where to Find Academic Topics for Presentation Again, you have to face the fact that sooner or later, you're going to be made to compose a research paper. Next step would need to be data gathering. The previous region of the research paper would need to be the presentation of the findings followed by the limitation of the analysis and recommendations for future studies on the subject. The very first step in writing a research paper will need to be choosing your topic. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Academic Topics for Presentation Filled with lots of infographics, unique slides, and typography you're guarantee d to get the perfect style for your next presentation. Topics of the research might vary greatly. Now you get your presentation in check. With its simple appearance and distinctive layout, you are certain to make that ideal presentation for this deadline coming soon. The New Fuss About Academic Topics for Presentation Think of how you'll visualize every one of the vital points and supporting messages. Take into consideration the important message you want to get across. Why every second person wants a dentist. Tell me about the most fascinating person that you've ever met. The Nuiances of Academic Topics for Presentation For instance, state beforehand the key points you are likely to consider, then deal with them, and finally offer a brief overview of the points you considered. Choose distant locations only in the event that you are in possession of a minimal budget. In reality, you can select any of them because the alternative of topic is just 50% of succeeding. Gambl ing shouldn't be abolished, because it isn't harmful and encourages tourism. For many students, the thought of giving a presentation is a nerve-wracking notion, as you'll be speaking to a huge group of individuals who will be judging your performance. As a college or university student, you'll need to write numerous presentations in the span of acquiring your degree. On-line education is merely as fantastic as classroom learning. All seminars will be run in combination with the University Counseling Center. All About Academic Topics for Presentation A wide selection of choices are sometimes a true problem and you will have to spend a good deal of time choosing the topic rather than working on your presentation. There's no need to inform you hobbies can be immensely varied and exciting. Better think about and produce the list of the things you like talking the most. You're able to discuss the problems and the way you could solve them. Choosing Academic Topics for Presenta tion You might locate a specific topic engaging, but it doesn't guarantee your audience will, and that means you must factor in their prospective response whenever you are looking for academic topics for presentation. You might need to remind the audience later in the presentation in case you haven't employed the acronym much. It is going to be better in the event that you consider and understand your audience. No worse approach to begin your presentation late whenever your audience is all fidgety.

Budgetary Framework Of Ireland Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Budgetary Framework Of Ireland. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the Irish new budgetary framework that leaves the nation and the publicfinances exposed in adverse events. Budgetary framework refers to the set of procedures, institutions, arrangements and rules that underlie demeanor of governments budgetary policies. The budget framework of Irish previously was cash-based and mainly focused on annual budget expenditure management. The components of new budgetary framework of this nation are also highlighted in this study. During the period of 2008-2010, as financial as well as fiscal crisis deepened in this country, budget management was under scrutiny. Due to rise in government deficit and public debt, reforms in budget management were required (Nerlich and Reuter 2013). However, Irish Fiscal Advisory Council (IFAC) was established in July 2011 for bringing about reforms. The paper lao reflects about the shortfalls in implementation of new budgetary framework that has been identified by IFAC. Components of Irelands new budgetary framework One of the vital achievements for Ireland has been institutionalization of their new budgetary structure. The government has implemented new budgetary structure in order to gain phased decline in debt to safer stage and to make certain that fiscal credibility is sufficient for avoiding sternness in bad economic phase (Mercille 2013). Therefore, incomplete adoption of budgetary structure leaves this nation as well aspublic finances exposed to shocks namely Brexit. Irelands budget 2017 reflects slowdown in enhancement of public finances in the year 2016. This budgetary framework reflects compliance with the rule of structural balance. It also shows that increase in spending for higher pay in public sector should counterbalance by lower expenditure in other segments (Turley 2013). The government of Ireland has enshrined many new elements in new budgetary framework and introduced innovations in the procedure of budget. The new budgetary framework in 2017 has been implemented for stepping towards building sustainable and vibrant economy. The main initiatives include: Introduction of tax credits that are refundable Rise in welfare rates Introduction of least corporate tax rate An investment program focusing on broadband and housing delivery One of the significant components of new budgetary framework of this nation is the cycle of Finance Bill. It refers to the procedure through which tax legislation of Ireland is being designed. The finance Bill that has been published by Finance minister of Ireland involves few measures that includes- Tax should be paid by workers of health insurance organizations on the benefits that they receive from the insurance policies (NUSSLE 2012) Provision for high capital allowance of the equipments that are implemented for improving energy efficiency Provision for giving legal effect to multilateral instrument of the OECD that aids in updating the present tax treaties of this nation Exception of stamp duty for trained framers rental land owing to taxpayers confidentiality Reforms in restricting the method of decreasing international investors liabilities on the property transactions Another component of this budgetary framework is to provide decent services as well as infrastructure and reduce unemployment in the economy. In this year, huge cuts to payments have been imposed for enhancing development in this economy. The main aim of this new budget 2017 has been to reduce inequality in income. However, this budget framework also include rise in payment of social protection. Taxation is also included as the key component of this new budgetary framework as it plays a significant role in framing Irish society. The budgetary framework in 2017 is the basis of policy framework for increasing sufficient taxation in order to finance infrastructure and service level in the present period (Meade 2012). This new budget structure also reflects that government has established minimum tax rate for the corporate sector of around 6% that helps in ensuring that trans- nationals pay higher share of this corporate tax. In addition, implementation of refundable tax credit helps in solving the problem of low-income laborers in the economy. The reason behind this is that as low-income laborers earns less, they does not use up their tax credit and hence they benefits from this reduction in income tax. The other component of new budgetary structure includes multi-year spending ceilings, good governance and sustainability (Scarth 2014). The government of Ireland has introduced the partnership government program for improving the transparency of their new budgetary process. This program also helps in ensuring that independent budget office has been sufficiently resourced for fulfilling their function in effective way. Rationale for these components Ireland has established this new budgetary framework in order to manage the expenditure allocations every year in effective way. The reform series in the budgetary process has been implemented by the Ireland government in order to make this process more transparent. The two main rationales behind this new budgetary structure includes- European rationale and Domestic rationale (Lienert 2013). Eureopean rationale defines the spillovers across the countries. On the other hand, domestic rationale is to avoid pro-cyclicality in good economic times and forced adjustments at bad phase of the economy. The rationale for publishing Finance Bill by Ireland government is to aim at vulture funds and other foreign investors for availing loopholes in law of avoiding payment of asset tax that they hold. This section has been mainly introduced in order to benefit the industry of financial services by implementation of innovative measures that intends in stimulating growth and ensuring competitiveness in this industry (Guo and Neshkova 2013). Moreover, the finance minister of Ireland has proclaimed that this Finance Bill will contain measures in restricting the offshore defaulters opportunity in utilizing the disclosure regime. Corporate rate of tax have been considered as one of the vital component of the enterprise environment in this nation for the last few decades. The tax regime of Ireland is transparent and mainly complies with the guidelines of OECD and competition law of EU ( European Union). The main features of the tax regime of this nation make it attractive locations for global investment (Goodwin et al. 2014). The finance minister of Ireland retains corporate tax rate at 12.5% in 2017 in order to remain competitive and increase opportunity of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in this country. This implementation of reduced corporate tax rate facilitates the organizations of this country in enhancing their growth and expanding their business in the global market. The new budgetary framework of this nation reflects that social welfare payment has increased by 5 pound in this year. The rationale behind rise in payment of social welfare is to reduce the level of poverty of this country. It has opined by Collins (2014),near about half of the Irish population would live in poverty if the social welfare payments have not been increased. However, adequate payment of social welfare helps the country in preventing as well as addressing from poverty. In addition, rise in core welfare payments has not been enough in keeping pace with the benchmark. Thus, further rise in social welfare payment has been required to reduce the gap between average earnings and welfare payments. Oversight of budget with the help of good governance is vital as it makes the Ireland s government work for their Irish people. Good governance refers to the method of decision making and hence implementation of it facilitates the government of Ireland in delivering better services to their people (Carlitz 2013). The new budget framework has been prepared by the Irish government by focusing on enhancement of governance as well as accountability in every nations. In addition, the rationale for another component that is multi-year spending ceilings is to open the structural way, planning as well as prioritization in each segments with parliamentary oversight and public input. Shortfalls in implementation as identified by the IFAC in this context of budget 2017 The IFAC s mandate is to : Evaluate the official prediction that is produced by the Finance department. These are basically the macroeconomic as well as budgetary prediction that are published by this department. Appraise whether the governments fiscal stance is beneficial to prudent budgetary management (Kinsella 2012). Monitor and evaluate budgetary rule that has been framed in Fiscal Responsibility Act. Therefore, this budgetary rule reflects that the budget framed by Ireland government is in surplus. In accordance with this budgetary framework, to appraise whether non-compliance is the outcome of exceptional situation. This however means that stern economic downturn or adverse events have huge effect on their position of budgetary framework. Endorse the macroeconomic prediction that has been framed by the IFAC on which update of stability program are based. IFAC has achieved high reputation of competence as well as independence since its establishment. One of the huge deficiencies of IFAC is lack of resources for monitoring the budgetary process in timely way. Moreover IFAC has flexibility in spending their funds with the given ceilings (Burda and Wyplosz 2013). This IFAC has also developed feedback model in order to evaluate whether the set targets of the Ireland government deficit can be attained. In addition, although it help the government in framing the budgetary structure, it does not scrutinize the new budgetary framework proposal for the present fiscal year. Some of the shortfalls of the implementation of this new budgetary framework of this nations government includes- Loosening of fiscal stance that is beyond the measured package for this new budget in this year that have been already announced is not appropriate. It has been stated by Algieri (2013), planned fiscal stance has been highly expansionary rather than implied by use of 1 pound billion of the fiscal space for the present year 2017. It has been predicted that innovation of new budgetary process does not help in addressing deficiencies in spending management as well as planning. It has been argued by IFAC that forecast in expenditure mainly takes into account level of inflation and hence the given demand for decent service is required to improve planning of expenditure (Mankiw 2014). Therefore, this shortfall in budgetary framework must be improved that has been underpinned by IFAC. Another shortfall that has been noticed from the recent study is the collection of less tax than it has been expected, It has been seen from recent report that the government of Ireland has gathered less tax of 1.4% in the first few months of this year. The receipts of income tax and excise duties have been below 2.65 and 4.3% below. Conclusion From the above report, it has been concluded that The IFAC has established track record fpor advising the government of Ireland regarding structuring of new budgetary framework. In addition, the budgetary procedure of this nation has been remarkably informal as well as centralized with their government. Moreover, the finance department plays crucial role in explaining about the policy implementation. It has been noted that this country mainly operates at fused legislative system with their government being elected by the majority of Irish people. However, the new budgetary structure in 2017 implemented by government represents vital step in economic recovery of this country. While preparing the budget, the Ireland government balances the requirement for economic as well as budgetary sustainability along with provision of investment and decent services in infrastructure. The government of Ireland now includes responses to the analysis of IFAC that includes updating of stability progra m. The IFAC mandate has been evolved from the new role in endorsing their macroeconomic prediction. Another segment where the role of IFAC evolves is focusing on sustainability issues in long term. Moreover, IFAC also underpins the shortfall in implementation of these new budgetary policies in order to make the process of budget more transparent and improve on their framework. References Algieri, B., 2013. An empirical analysis of the nexus between external balance and government budget balance: The case of the GIIPS countries.Economic Systems,37(2), pp.233-253. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2013.Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Carlitz, R., 2013. Improving transparency and accountability in the budget process: An assessment of recent initiatives.Development Policy Review,31(s1). Collins, M., 2014. Total Tax Contributions of Households in Ireland. Goodwin, N., Nelson, J., Harris, J., Torras, M. and Roach, B., 2013.Macroeconomics in context. ME Sharpe. Guo, H. and Neshkova, M.I., 2013. Citizen input in the budget process: When does it matter most?.The American Review of Public Administration,43(3), pp.331-346. Kinsella, S., 2012. Is Ireland really the role model for austerity?.Cambridge Journal of Economics,36(1), pp.223-235. Kopits, G., 2014. Irelands fiscal framework: Options for the future.The Economic and Social Review,45(1, Spring), pp.135-158. Lienert, I., 2013. Role of the legislature in budget processes. InThe International Handbook of Public Financial Management(pp. 116-136). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Meade, R.R., 2012. Government and community development in Ireland: The contested subjects of professionalism and expertise.Antipode,44(3), pp.889-910. Mercille, J., 2013. The role of the media in fiscal consolidation programmes: the case of Ireland.Cambridge Journal of Economics,38(2), pp.281-300. Nerlich, C. and Reuter, W.H., 2013. The design of national fiscal frameworks and their budgetary impact. NUSSLE, J., 2012. Perspectives on Budget Process Reform.Public Budgeting Finance,32(3), pp.57-60. Scarth, W., 2014.Macroeconomics. Edward Elgar Publishing. Turley, G., 2013. The impact of the economic boom and bust on local government budgets in Ireland.Administration.