Fall 2017 New Student Series Jungwoo Lee COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2017 New Student Series Jungwoo Lee COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In our final  installment of this seasons  New Students Series,  we’re welcoming Jungwoo Lee, from Seoul, Republic of Korea.  Jungwoo has an MBA degree from KAIST and spent the last decade as a consultant for a securities company. Jungwoo, very self-aware of his career trajectory, became dissatisfied  with private sector work and how his character was changing for the worse. So he left it all  behind and trekked across four continents over two years to find his calling in lifewhich led him to a desire to help those less fortunate. Jungwoo, were happy we can assist you on your educational journey so youre better prepared to help address global inequality  issues. Everybody, say hello to Jungwoo. Full Name: Jungwoo Lee Age: Sorry. I forgot. Degree Program: Master of International Affairs Concentration: International Finance and Economy Policy Hometown: Seoul, Republic of Korea Undergraduate University: Seoul National University Undergraduate Major: Philosophy Undergraduate Graduation Year: 1999 What’s your professional background? After I got my MBA degree from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in Seoul, I became a business consultant because convincing clients of what I believe is right and bringing about positive change was the right fit for me and I enjoyed it. I was a business consultant for ten years. I was satisfied with my consulting work because it gave me a sense of accomplishment when I completed tasks, jobs, and projects through perseverance and hard work. After ten years as a consultant at IBM, Accenture, A.T. Kearney and Deloitte Consulting, I wanted to lead an organization instead of advising others. Thus, I accepted a position with a securities company in Seoul, Korea, and worked as a strategic planning team manager for about two years. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experienced in? I want to extend my career from the private sector to the public sector. After more than ten years as a business consultant and as an employee of a securities company, I became frustrated with the logic of capitalism. I became a cold-hearted person who was obsessed with evaluating everything according to the ruthless logic of cost and revenue, efficiency and effectiveness, and return on investment. Did I really want to spend the rest of my life as a capitalist warrior? I did not. So, I decided to hit the reset button and spent the next two years backpacking around the world to expand my horizons and find my calling. I visited four continents, 18 countries, 72 cities across the globe. By the end of my trip, I had expanded my knowledge of world politics and economics, history and culture, religion and philosophy. The world was even larger than I had thought, and there was much work to do both for the private and public purposes. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I vividly remember the midnight I found out I got into SIPA. At the one of the happiest news in my life, I opened a bottle of wine and started to sip it, listening to the background music, ‘New York, New York’ again and again. Why did you say “yes” to SIPA? I have much interest in both the private and public sector. I witnessed cross-border investment/business opportunities, and the grim global inequalities between the developed countries and developing countries during the world travel. I want to incubate business leads on the one hand and contribute to easing global inequalities on the other hand. I believe I can find more varied chances of harmonizing these two seemingly-different objectives in SIPA which is located in New York, the heart of the global business, finance, and multilateral organizations. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? I believe I can acquire the academic and professional framework with which I can analyze the real world; build up a global network with renowned professors/practitioners, like-minded classmates, and a vast alumni network; find various co-work opportunities in a multilateral organization in New York. In return, I hope I can find lots of chances to share my business consulting and world travel experiences with my SIPA cohort. Do you have any apprehension about starting graduate school? It is my first time studying abroad in my life. I got increasingly fretful and nervous as the beginning of the first semester approaches. However, I believe I could get through all the difficulties just like I did when I backpacked around the world. What are your goals after SIPA As of now, I cannot specify my future goal after SIPA because I truly believe SIPA, Columbia, and New York combined would afford me a lot of opportunities and chances that I cannot foresee now. Of course, I have tentative goals in my mind: start-ups, multilateral organization employment, more advanced degrees like Ph.D. or JD and so on. However, I will not cling to them rigidly. Rather, I will try to discover more possibilities while I stay at SIPA for next two years. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? I would like to find some way to contribute to easing the yawning global inequality. Early in my world travel, in Nepal, I spent a month as a medical volunteer in rural communities, a project organized by a Korean doctor. On my first day in the mobile clinic, I was overwhelmed by the long line of people with festering sores from unsanitary living conditions. While transporting patients, dispensing medicine, and attending to their needs, I noticed that many of the Nepalese did not have even basic health care. It was the first moment when I saw the magnitude of global inequality. In Nepal, my tour guide’s annual salary was $500, barely enough for a family to live on. In Havana and across Cuba, I met families living below the subsistence level. This misery dramatically contrasted with midtown Manhattan’s upscale department stores and Sao Paolo’s lively markets. I hope to make some difference in this grim reality even if it is small. This is why I decided to conduct academic resear ch at Columbia SIPA on the international finance and economy, and their impacts on global inequality. Moreover, I would like to find practical solutions for easing global inequality and for securing sustainable economic growth. Tell us something interesting about yourself. I’d like to add some words about my world travel experiences. Three keywords define my world travel: challenge, team spirit, and diversity. These were my challenges. I recited Diamond Sutra in Nepal and learned Spanish in Latin America. I completed a 40km bicycle ride in the Atacama Desert, finished a 60km trek of Torres del Paine in Patagonia, and climbed to the peak of an active volcano at Chile. No matter how hard these adventures seemed, once I tried courageously and worked with passion and perseverance, I completed them. I realized “whether you think you can or not, you’re right.” This is how I learned about team spirit. I climbed Annapurna base camp and Andes mountain peaks over 4,000 meters above sea level. I explored the Amazon rainforest and completed the 40km Inca Trail. All of these treks were possible thanks to my teams I met on the road. I appreciate diversity. I have made friends from Asia, Europe, and America, and these friendships have expanded my knowledge of other cultures, languages, histories, politics and economics. In addition, I came to have an open mind, flexibility, and tolerance. [Photos courtesy of Jungwoo Lee] *Note: This series is published in its original form with no editing.

What Is Marginal Utility in Economics

How To Write a Victim Impact Statement

Among the most effective tools victims have in the fight against crime is the victim impact statement, which is used at the sentencing of defendants and, in many states, at parole hearings. All 50 states allow some form of victim impact information at sentencing. Most states allow oral or written statements, or both, from the victim at the sentencing hearing and require victim impact information to be included in the pre-sentence report and given to the judge before imposing sentence. In most states, victim impact statements also are allowed at parole hearings; in other states a copy of the original statement is attached to the offenders file to be reviewed by the parole board. Some states allow these statements to be updated by the victims to include any additional impact the original crime has had on their lives. Part of the Justice Process In a few states, victim impact statements are allowed a bail hearings, pretrial release hearings, and plea bargain hearings. For most crime victims, these statements provide an opportunity to focus the courts attention on the human cost of the crime and allow the victims to become part of the criminal justice process. More than 80 percent of crime victims who have made such statements consider them to be a very important part of the process. In some states, the law allowing victim impact statements requires the judge or parole board to consider the statements in making decisions, giving them more impact on the judicial process and outcome. Elements of a Statement Typically, a victim impact statement will contain the following: The physical, financial, psychological, and emotional impact of the crime.The harm done to family relationships by the crime, such as the loss of a parent or caregiver.Medical treatment or psychological services required by the victim because of the crime.The need for restitution.The victims opinion of an appropriate sentence for the offender. How to Write a Statement Most states have victim impact statement forms for victims to complete. If the state does not have a form, focusing on the above questions is helpful. Also, all states have victim assistance programs, which anyone with questions about completing the statement can contact for help or clarification. Completing Your Statement Many people will read your statement, including the judge, attorneys, probation and parole officers, and prison treatment personnel. Here are some considerations: The answers should be written neatly or typed.Writing the answers first on a separate piece of paper will allow for errors to be fixed before transposing the information to the final form. Ask for additional forms if you make a mistake or decide to reword your answers.It is not mandatory that the answers fit into the space provided. Include additional sheets if necessary.Try to keep the answers concise, but write descriptively. You want to express the depth of how you feel—fear, trauma, and severe loss—and using descriptive words will help people identify with your experience. Filling Out the Form Here’s what to put on the form: How you felt while the crime was taking place and the emotional impact this crime has had on your life.The physical, psychological, and financial impact of the crime.Examples of how the crime has changed your life.Documented and itemized financial losses, major and minor, as a result of the crime: loss of work; moving expenses; cost of gas for trips to doctors offices as a result of injuries during the crime; and future expenses. What to Avoid Here’s what you should not put on the form: Do not include information that identifies your physical address, phone number, place of employment, or email address. The defendant will have access to your letter or the statement you read in court and could use the information to contact you in the future.Do not introduce new evidence not covered at the trial or repeat evidence already presented.Do not use derogatory or obscene language. To do so will diminish the impact of your statement.Do not describe any harm that you hope the offender will experience in prison. Reading the Statement in Court If you do not feel that you can read your statement in court or you become too emotional to finish it, ask for an alternate or family representative to read it for you. If you want to show a picture or some other object while giving your statement, ask the courts permission first. Write out your statement before speaking to the judge. Reading a statement can become very emotional, and it is easy to lose track of what you are saying. Having a written copy will help you cover all the points that you want to convey. Focus on speaking only to the judge. If you want to speak directly to the defendant, ask the judges permission to do so first. Directing your comments to the accused is not necessary. Anything you want to convey can be done by speaking directly to the judge. Avoiding Manipulation Do not let the defendant manipulate you into losing control. Many times criminals will purposely try to anger the victim during the statement so that they do not finish. They may snicker, laugh, make sarcastic faces, yawn loudly, or even make obscene gestures. Some criminals will even shout out derogatory comments about the victim. By staying focused on the judge, you can help keep the criminal from sabotaging your statement. Do not express anger about the trial, the attorneys, the court, or the offender. This is your time to express the pain you have experienced and influence the sentence the defendant will receive. Anger, explosive outbursts, obscene language, or references to what kind of harm you hope the defendant will face in prison will diminish the impact of your statement. Laws regarding victim impact statements vary from state to state. To find out the law in your state, contact the local prosecutors office, the state attorney generals office, or a local law library.

Academic Topics for Presentation Features

Academic Topics for Presentation Features Academic Topics for Presentation - What Is It? Better do not speak on the points which you do not feel comfortable to speak about. Once you choose this issue, you've got to center on the principal points of the speech. How to discover funny speech topics in one day. The conversation will cause a deep topic people value. You don't need to provide all the answers. The question could be part of your introduction, or it may make a good title. You'll be requested to answer a few questions related to your presentation. Most Noticeable Academic Topics for Presentation Keep the prose nice and clear. Anyway, a firmly humorous speech intends to create the audience laugh. It's much east to speak about humor when you're in a humorous mood. Thinking up interesting speech topics is similar to attempting to learn something new. Primary and secondary sources may be used. Inside of this column, you are going to learn about a few funny public speaking topics that will make it possible for you to mesmerize and make audiences laugh. All these funny public speaking topics may be the inspiration of a good speech. Where to Find Academic Topics for Presentation Again, you have to face the fact that sooner or later, you're going to be made to compose a research paper. Next step would need to be data gathering. The previous region of the research paper would need to be the presentation of the findings followed by the limitation of the analysis and recommendations for future studies on the subject. The very first step in writing a research paper will need to be choosing your topic. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Academic Topics for Presentation Filled with lots of infographics, unique slides, and typography you're guarantee d to get the perfect style for your next presentation. Topics of the research might vary greatly. Now you get your presentation in check. With its simple appearance and distinctive layout, you are certain to make that ideal presentation for this deadline coming soon. The New Fuss About Academic Topics for Presentation Think of how you'll visualize every one of the vital points and supporting messages. Take into consideration the important message you want to get across. Why every second person wants a dentist. Tell me about the most fascinating person that you've ever met. The Nuiances of Academic Topics for Presentation For instance, state beforehand the key points you are likely to consider, then deal with them, and finally offer a brief overview of the points you considered. Choose distant locations only in the event that you are in possession of a minimal budget. In reality, you can select any of them because the alternative of topic is just 50% of succeeding. Gambl ing shouldn't be abolished, because it isn't harmful and encourages tourism. For many students, the thought of giving a presentation is a nerve-wracking notion, as you'll be speaking to a huge group of individuals who will be judging your performance. As a college or university student, you'll need to write numerous presentations in the span of acquiring your degree. On-line education is merely as fantastic as classroom learning. All seminars will be run in combination with the University Counseling Center. All About Academic Topics for Presentation A wide selection of choices are sometimes a true problem and you will have to spend a good deal of time choosing the topic rather than working on your presentation. There's no need to inform you hobbies can be immensely varied and exciting. Better think about and produce the list of the things you like talking the most. You're able to discuss the problems and the way you could solve them. Choosing Academic Topics for Presenta tion You might locate a specific topic engaging, but it doesn't guarantee your audience will, and that means you must factor in their prospective response whenever you are looking for academic topics for presentation. You might need to remind the audience later in the presentation in case you haven't employed the acronym much. It is going to be better in the event that you consider and understand your audience. No worse approach to begin your presentation late whenever your audience is all fidgety.

Budgetary Framework Of Ireland Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Budgetary Framework Of Ireland. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the Irish new budgetary framework that leaves the nation and the publicfinances exposed in adverse events. Budgetary framework refers to the set of procedures, institutions, arrangements and rules that underlie demeanor of governments budgetary policies. The budget framework of Irish previously was cash-based and mainly focused on annual budget expenditure management. The components of new budgetary framework of this nation are also highlighted in this study. During the period of 2008-2010, as financial as well as fiscal crisis deepened in this country, budget management was under scrutiny. Due to rise in government deficit and public debt, reforms in budget management were required (Nerlich and Reuter 2013). However, Irish Fiscal Advisory Council (IFAC) was established in July 2011 for bringing about reforms. The paper lao reflects about the shortfalls in implementation of new budgetary framework that has been identified by IFAC. Components of Irelands new budgetary framework One of the vital achievements for Ireland has been institutionalization of their new budgetary structure. The government has implemented new budgetary structure in order to gain phased decline in debt to safer stage and to make certain that fiscal credibility is sufficient for avoiding sternness in bad economic phase (Mercille 2013). Therefore, incomplete adoption of budgetary structure leaves this nation as well aspublic finances exposed to shocks namely Brexit. Irelands budget 2017 reflects slowdown in enhancement of public finances in the year 2016. This budgetary framework reflects compliance with the rule of structural balance. It also shows that increase in spending for higher pay in public sector should counterbalance by lower expenditure in other segments (Turley 2013). The government of Ireland has enshrined many new elements in new budgetary framework and introduced innovations in the procedure of budget. The new budgetary framework in 2017 has been implemented for stepping towards building sustainable and vibrant economy. The main initiatives include: Introduction of tax credits that are refundable Rise in welfare rates Introduction of least corporate tax rate An investment program focusing on broadband and housing delivery One of the significant components of new budgetary framework of this nation is the cycle of Finance Bill. It refers to the procedure through which tax legislation of Ireland is being designed. The finance Bill that has been published by Finance minister of Ireland involves few measures that includes- Tax should be paid by workers of health insurance organizations on the benefits that they receive from the insurance policies (NUSSLE 2012) Provision for high capital allowance of the equipments that are implemented for improving energy efficiency Provision for giving legal effect to multilateral instrument of the OECD that aids in updating the present tax treaties of this nation Exception of stamp duty for trained framers rental land owing to taxpayers confidentiality Reforms in restricting the method of decreasing international investors liabilities on the property transactions Another component of this budgetary framework is to provide decent services as well as infrastructure and reduce unemployment in the economy. In this year, huge cuts to payments have been imposed for enhancing development in this economy. The main aim of this new budget 2017 has been to reduce inequality in income. However, this budget framework also include rise in payment of social protection. Taxation is also included as the key component of this new budgetary framework as it plays a significant role in framing Irish society. The budgetary framework in 2017 is the basis of policy framework for increasing sufficient taxation in order to finance infrastructure and service level in the present period (Meade 2012). This new budget structure also reflects that government has established minimum tax rate for the corporate sector of around 6% that helps in ensuring that trans- nationals pay higher share of this corporate tax. In addition, implementation of refundable tax credit helps in solving the problem of low-income laborers in the economy. The reason behind this is that as low-income laborers earns less, they does not use up their tax credit and hence they benefits from this reduction in income tax. The other component of new budgetary structure includes multi-year spending ceilings, good governance and sustainability (Scarth 2014). The government of Ireland has introduced the partnership government program for improving the transparency of their new budgetary process. This program also helps in ensuring that independent budget office has been sufficiently resourced for fulfilling their function in effective way. Rationale for these components Ireland has established this new budgetary framework in order to manage the expenditure allocations every year in effective way. The reform series in the budgetary process has been implemented by the Ireland government in order to make this process more transparent. The two main rationales behind this new budgetary structure includes- European rationale and Domestic rationale (Lienert 2013). Eureopean rationale defines the spillovers across the countries. On the other hand, domestic rationale is to avoid pro-cyclicality in good economic times and forced adjustments at bad phase of the economy. The rationale for publishing Finance Bill by Ireland government is to aim at vulture funds and other foreign investors for availing loopholes in law of avoiding payment of asset tax that they hold. This section has been mainly introduced in order to benefit the industry of financial services by implementation of innovative measures that intends in stimulating growth and ensuring competitiveness in this industry (Guo and Neshkova 2013). Moreover, the finance minister of Ireland has proclaimed that this Finance Bill will contain measures in restricting the offshore defaulters opportunity in utilizing the disclosure regime. Corporate rate of tax have been considered as one of the vital component of the enterprise environment in this nation for the last few decades. The tax regime of Ireland is transparent and mainly complies with the guidelines of OECD and competition law of EU ( European Union). The main features of the tax regime of this nation make it attractive locations for global investment (Goodwin et al. 2014). The finance minister of Ireland retains corporate tax rate at 12.5% in 2017 in order to remain competitive and increase opportunity of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in this country. This implementation of reduced corporate tax rate facilitates the organizations of this country in enhancing their growth and expanding their business in the global market. The new budgetary framework of this nation reflects that social welfare payment has increased by 5 pound in this year. The rationale behind rise in payment of social welfare is to reduce the level of poverty of this country. It has opined by Collins (2014),near about half of the Irish population would live in poverty if the social welfare payments have not been increased. However, adequate payment of social welfare helps the country in preventing as well as addressing from poverty. In addition, rise in core welfare payments has not been enough in keeping pace with the benchmark. Thus, further rise in social welfare payment has been required to reduce the gap between average earnings and welfare payments. Oversight of budget with the help of good governance is vital as it makes the Ireland s government work for their Irish people. Good governance refers to the method of decision making and hence implementation of it facilitates the government of Ireland in delivering better services to their people (Carlitz 2013). The new budget framework has been prepared by the Irish government by focusing on enhancement of governance as well as accountability in every nations. In addition, the rationale for another component that is multi-year spending ceilings is to open the structural way, planning as well as prioritization in each segments with parliamentary oversight and public input. Shortfalls in implementation as identified by the IFAC in this context of budget 2017 The IFAC s mandate is to : Evaluate the official prediction that is produced by the Finance department. These are basically the macroeconomic as well as budgetary prediction that are published by this department. Appraise whether the governments fiscal stance is beneficial to prudent budgetary management (Kinsella 2012). Monitor and evaluate budgetary rule that has been framed in Fiscal Responsibility Act. Therefore, this budgetary rule reflects that the budget framed by Ireland government is in surplus. In accordance with this budgetary framework, to appraise whether non-compliance is the outcome of exceptional situation. This however means that stern economic downturn or adverse events have huge effect on their position of budgetary framework. Endorse the macroeconomic prediction that has been framed by the IFAC on which update of stability program are based. IFAC has achieved high reputation of competence as well as independence since its establishment. One of the huge deficiencies of IFAC is lack of resources for monitoring the budgetary process in timely way. Moreover IFAC has flexibility in spending their funds with the given ceilings (Burda and Wyplosz 2013). This IFAC has also developed feedback model in order to evaluate whether the set targets of the Ireland government deficit can be attained. In addition, although it help the government in framing the budgetary structure, it does not scrutinize the new budgetary framework proposal for the present fiscal year. Some of the shortfalls of the implementation of this new budgetary framework of this nations government includes- Loosening of fiscal stance that is beyond the measured package for this new budget in this year that have been already announced is not appropriate. It has been stated by Algieri (2013), planned fiscal stance has been highly expansionary rather than implied by use of 1 pound billion of the fiscal space for the present year 2017. It has been predicted that innovation of new budgetary process does not help in addressing deficiencies in spending management as well as planning. It has been argued by IFAC that forecast in expenditure mainly takes into account level of inflation and hence the given demand for decent service is required to improve planning of expenditure (Mankiw 2014). Therefore, this shortfall in budgetary framework must be improved that has been underpinned by IFAC. Another shortfall that has been noticed from the recent study is the collection of less tax than it has been expected, It has been seen from recent report that the government of Ireland has gathered less tax of 1.4% in the first few months of this year. The receipts of income tax and excise duties have been below 2.65 and 4.3% below. Conclusion From the above report, it has been concluded that The IFAC has established track record fpor advising the government of Ireland regarding structuring of new budgetary framework. In addition, the budgetary procedure of this nation has been remarkably informal as well as centralized with their government. Moreover, the finance department plays crucial role in explaining about the policy implementation. It has been noted that this country mainly operates at fused legislative system with their government being elected by the majority of Irish people. However, the new budgetary structure in 2017 implemented by government represents vital step in economic recovery of this country. While preparing the budget, the Ireland government balances the requirement for economic as well as budgetary sustainability along with provision of investment and decent services in infrastructure. The government of Ireland now includes responses to the analysis of IFAC that includes updating of stability progra m. The IFAC mandate has been evolved from the new role in endorsing their macroeconomic prediction. Another segment where the role of IFAC evolves is focusing on sustainability issues in long term. Moreover, IFAC also underpins the shortfall in implementation of these new budgetary policies in order to make the process of budget more transparent and improve on their framework. References Algieri, B., 2013. An empirical analysis of the nexus between external balance and government budget balance: The case of the GIIPS countries.Economic Systems,37(2), pp.233-253. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2013.Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Carlitz, R., 2013. Improving transparency and accountability in the budget process: An assessment of recent initiatives.Development Policy Review,31(s1). Collins, M., 2014. Total Tax Contributions of Households in Ireland. Goodwin, N., Nelson, J., Harris, J., Torras, M. and Roach, B., 2013.Macroeconomics in context. ME Sharpe. Guo, H. and Neshkova, M.I., 2013. Citizen input in the budget process: When does it matter most?.The American Review of Public Administration,43(3), pp.331-346. Kinsella, S., 2012. Is Ireland really the role model for austerity?.Cambridge Journal of Economics,36(1), pp.223-235. Kopits, G., 2014. Irelands fiscal framework: Options for the future.The Economic and Social Review,45(1, Spring), pp.135-158. Lienert, I., 2013. Role of the legislature in budget processes. InThe International Handbook of Public Financial Management(pp. 116-136). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Meade, R.R., 2012. Government and community development in Ireland: The contested subjects of professionalism and expertise.Antipode,44(3), pp.889-910. Mercille, J., 2013. The role of the media in fiscal consolidation programmes: the case of Ireland.Cambridge Journal of Economics,38(2), pp.281-300. Nerlich, C. and Reuter, W.H., 2013. The design of national fiscal frameworks and their budgetary impact. NUSSLE, J., 2012. Perspectives on Budget Process Reform.Public Budgeting Finance,32(3), pp.57-60. Scarth, W., 2014.Macroeconomics. Edward Elgar Publishing. Turley, G., 2013. The impact of the economic boom and bust on local government budgets in Ireland.Administration.

Volcano Essay Example For Students

Volcano Essay This paper will define and discuss the Volcano Essay to include: types of volcanoes, formation of a volcano, and elements of a volcano; such as, lava, rock fragments, and gas. This paper also tells a little bit about volcanic activity in different parts of the world. We will write a custom essay on Volcano specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now What is a volcano? A volcano is a vent in the earth from which molten rock and gas erupt. The molten rock that erupts from the volcano forms a hill or mountain around the vent. The lava may flow out as a viscous liquid or it may explode from the vent as solid or liquid particles. Kinds of Volcanic Materials Three basic materials that may erupt from a volcano are; 1. lava, 2. rock fragments, and 3. gas. Lava Lava is the name for magma that has been released onto the Earths surface. When lava comes to the Earths surface, it is red hot and may have temperatures of more than 2012 degrees Fahrenheit. Fluid lava flows swiftly down a volcanos slopes. Sticky lava flows more slowly. As the lava cools, it may harden into many different formations. Highly fluid lava hardens into smooth, folded sheets of rock called pahoehoe. Stickier lava cools into rough, jagged sheets of rock called aa. Pahoehoe and aa cover large areas of Hawaii, where the terms originated. The stickiest lava forms flows of boulders and rubble called block flows. It may also form mounds of lava called domes. Other lava formations are spatter cones and lava tubes. Spatter cones are steep hills that can get up to 100 feet high. They build up from the spatter of geyser-like eruptions of thick lava. Lava tubes are tunnels formed from fluid lava. As the lava flows, its exterior covering cools and hardens. But the lava below continues to flow. After the flowing lava drains away, it leaves a tunnel. Rock Fragments Rock fragment are usually called tephra and are formed from sticky magma. This magma is so sticky that its gas can not easily escape when the magma approaches the surface or central vent. Finally, the trapped gas builds up so much pressure that it blasts the magma into fragments. Tephra consists of volcanic dust, volcanic ash, and volcanic bombs, (from smallest to largest size particle). Volcanic dust consists of particles less than one one-hundredth inch in diameter. Volcanic dust can be carried for great distances. In 1883, the eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia shot dust 17 miles into the air. The dust was carried around the Earth several times and produced brilliant red sunsets in many parts of the world. Some scientists assume large quantities of volcanic dust can affect the climate by reducing the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth. Volcanic ash is made up of fragments less than one fifth inch in diameter. Nearly all volcanic ash falls to the surface and becomes welded together as rock called volcanic tuff. Sometimes, volcanic ash combines with water in a stream and forms a boiling mudflow. Mudflows may speeds up to 60 miles per hour and can be remarkably shattering. Volcanic bombs are large fragments. Most of them range from the size of a baseball to the size of a basketball. The largest bombs can measure up to more than four feet across and weigh up to 100 short tons. Small volcanic bombs are generally called cinders. Gas Gas pours out of volcanoes in large quantities during almost all eruptions. The gas is made up particularly of steam, but may also include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and other gases. Most of the steam comes from a volcanos magma, but some .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c , .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .postImageUrl , .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c , .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:hover , .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:visited , .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:active { border:0!important; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:active , .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda74959f486ec7421c3c526594012a3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Problems of Women's Labor Essaysteam may also be produced when rising magma heats water in the ground. Volcanic gas carries a large sum of volcanic dust. This alliance of gas and dust looks like black smoke Types of Volcanoes The magmas that are the most liquefied erupt quietly and flow from the vent to form sloping shield volcanoes, a name that is conceived because they look like the shields of ancient German warriors. The lava that flows from shield volcanoes is usually only one to ten meters thick, but the lava may extend for great distances away from the vent. The volcanoes of Hawaii and Iceland are typical shield volcanoes. Magma with high gas contents .

Yuchanyan and Xianrendong - Oldest Pottery in the World

Yuchanyan and Xianrendong - Oldest Pottery in the World Xianrendong and Yuchanyan caves in northern China are the oldest of a growing number of sites which support the origins of pottery as having occurred not just in the Japanese island Jomon culture of 11,000 to 12,000 years ago, but earlier in the Russian Far East and South China some 18,000-20,000 years ago. Scholars believe these are independent inventions, as were the later inventions of ceramic vessels in Europe and the Americas. Xianrendong Cave Xianrendong Cave is located at the foot of Xiaohe mountain, in Wannian county, northeast Jiangxi province of China, 15 kilometers (~10 miles) west of the provincial capital and 100 km (62 mi) south of the Yangtze river. Xianrendong contained the oldest pottery in the world yet identified: ceramic vessel remains, bag-shaped jars made some ~20,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). The cave has a large inner hall, measuring some 5 meters (16 feet) wide by 5-7 m (16-23 ft) high with a small entrance, only 2.5 m (8 ft) wide and 2 m (6 ft) high. Located some 800 m (about 1/2 mile) from Xianrendong, and with an entrance some 60 m (200 ft) higher in elevation, is the Diaotonguan rock shelter: it contains the same cultural strata as Xianrendong and some archaeologists believe it was used as a campsite by Xianrendongs residents. Many of the published reports include information from both sites. Cultural Stratigraphy at Xianrendong Four cultural strata have been identified at Xianrendong, including an occupation spanning the transition from Upper Paleolithic to Neolithic times in China, and three early Neolithic occupations. All seem to represent primarily fishing, hunting and gathering lifestyles, although some evidence for early rice domestication has been noted within the Early Neolithic occupations. In 2009, an international team (Wu 2012) focused on the intact pottery bearing levels layers at the base of the excavations, and a suite of dates between 12,400 and 29,300 cal BP were taken. The lowest sherd-bearing levels, 2B-2B1, were subjected to 10 AMS radiocarbon dates, ranging from 19,200-20,900 cal BP, making Xianrendongs sherds the earliest identified pottery in the world today. Neolithic 3 (9600-8825 RCYBP)Neolithic 2 (11900-9700 RCYBP)Neolithic 1 (14,000-11,900 RCYBP) appearance of O. sativaPaleolithic-Neolithic Transition (19,780-10,870 RCYBP)Epipaleolithic (25,000-15,200 RCYBP) only wild oryza Xianrendong Artifacts and Features Archaeological evidence suggests the earliest occupation at Xianrendong was a permanent, long-term occupation or reuse, with evidence for substantial hearths and ash lenses. In general, a hunter-fisher-gatherer lifestyle was followed, with emphasis on deer and wild rice (Oryza nivara phytoliths). Pottery: A total of 282 pottery sherds were recovered from the oldest levels. They have uneven thick walls between .7 and 1.2 centimeters (~1.4-1.5 inches), with round bases and inorganic (sand, mainly quartz or feldspar) temper. The paste has a brittle and loose texture and a heterogeneous reddish and brown color which resulted from uneven, open-air firing. Forms are mainly round-bottomed bag-shaped jars, with rough surfaces, the inner and outer surfaces sometimes decorated with cord marks, smoothing striations and/or basket-like impressions. They appear to have been made with two different techniques: by sheet laminating or coil and paddle techniques.Stone Tools: The stone tools are by and large chipped stone tools based on flakes, with scrapers, burins, small projectile points, drills, notches, and denticulates. Hard-hammer and soft-hammer stone tool making techniques are both in evidence. The oldest levels have a small percentage of polished stone tools compared to chipped, parti cularly in comparison with the Neolithic levels. Bone tools: harpoons and fishing spear points, needles, arrowheads, and shell knives.Plants and animals: Predominant emphasis on deer, bird, shellfish, turtle; wild rice phytoliths. The Early Neolithic levels at Xianrendong are also substantial occupations. The pottery has a wider variety of clay composition and many sherds are decorated with geometric designs. Clear evidence for rice cultivation, with both O. nivara and O. sativa phytoliths present. There is also an increase in polished stone tools, with a primarily pebble tool industry including a few perforated pebble disks and flat pebble adzes. Yuchanyan Cave Yuchanyan Cave is a karst rock shelter south of the Yangtze River basin in Daoxian county, Hunan province, China. Yuchanyans deposits contained the remains of at least two nearly complete ceramic pots, securely dated by associated radiocarbon dates at having been placed in the cave between 18,300-15,430 cal BP. Yuchanyans cave floor includes an area of 100 square meters, some 12-15 m (~40-50 ft) wide on its east-west axis and 6-8 m (~20-26 ft) wide on the north-south. The upper deposits were removed during the historical period, and the remaining site occupation debris ranges between 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft) in depth. All of the occupations within the site represent brief occupations by Late Upper Paleolithic people, between 21,000 and 13,800 BP. At the time of the earliest occupation, the climate in the region was warm, watery and fertile, with plenty of bamboo and deciduous trees. Over time, gradual warming throughout the occupation occurred, with a trend towards replacing the trees with grasses. Towards the end of the occupation, the Younger Dryas (ca. 13,000-11,500 cal BP) brought increased seasonality to the region. Yuchanyan  Artifacts and Features Yuchanyan cave exhibited generally good preservation, resulting in the recovery of a rich archaeological assemblage of stone, bone, and shell tools as well as a wide variety of organic remains, including both animal bone and plant remains. The floor of the cave was purposefully covered with alternating layers of red clay and massive ash layers, which likely represent deconstructed  hearths, rather than  the production  of clay vessels. Pottery: The sherds from Yuchanyan are some of the earliest examples of pottery yet found. They are all dark brown, coarsely-made pottery with a loose and sandy texture. The pots were hand-built and low-fired (ca. 400-500 degrees C); kaolinite is a major component of the fabric. The paste is thick and uneven, with walls up to 2 centimeters thick. The clay was decorated with cord impressions, on both the interior and exterior walls. Enough sherds were recovered for the scholars to reconstruct a large, wide-mouthed vessel (round opening 31 cm in diameter, vessel height 29 cm) with a pointed bottom; this style of pottery is known from much later Chinese sources as a fu cauldron.Stone Tools: Stone tools recovered from Yuchanyan include cutters, points, and scrapers.Bone Tools: Polished bone awls and shovels, perforated shell ornaments with notched-tooth decorations also were found within the assemblages.Plants and animals: Plant species recovered from the caves deposits include wild grap es and plums. Several rice opal phytoliths and husks have been identified, and some scholars have suggested that some of the grains illustrate incipient domestication. Mammals include bears, boar, deer, tortoises, and fish. The assemblage includes 27 different types of birds, including cranes, ducks, geese, and swans; five kinds of carp; 33 kinds of shellfish. Archaeology at Yuchanyan and Xianrendong Xianrendong was excavated in 1961 and 1964 by the Jiangxi Provincial Committee for Cultural Heritage, led by Li Yanxian; in 1995-1996 by the Sino-American Jiangxi Origin of Rice Project, led by R.S. MacNeish, Wenhua Chen and  Shifan  Peng; and in 1999-2000 by Peking University and the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics. Excavations at Yuchanyan were conducted beginning in the 1980s, with extensive investigations between 1993-1995 led by Jiarong Yuan of the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology; and again between 2004 and 2005, under the direction of Yan Wenming. Sources Boaretto E, Wu X, Yuan J, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K, Cohen D, Jiao T, Li S et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(24):9595-9600.Kuzmin YV. 2013. Origin of Old World pottery as viewed from the early 2010s: when, where and why? World Archaeology 45(4):539-556.Kuzmin YV. 2013. Two Trajectories in the Neolithization of Eurasia: Pottery Versus Agriculture (Spatiotemporal Patterns). Radiocarbon 55(3):1304-1313.Prendergast ME, Yuan J, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(4):1027-1037.Wang W-M, Ding J-L, Shu J-W, and Chen W. 2010. Exploration of early rice farming in China. Quaternary International 227(1):22-28.Wu X, Zhang C, Goldberg P, Cohen D, Pan Y, Arpin T, and Bar-Yosef O. 2012. Early pottery at 20,000 years ago in Xianrendong Ca ve, China. Science 336:1696-1700. Yang X. 2004. Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan Sites at Wannian, Jiangxi Province.In: Yang X, editor. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. New Haven: Yale University Press. vol 2, p 36-37.Zhang C, and Hung H-c. 2012. Later hunter-gatherers in southern China, 18,000–3000 BC. Antiquity 86(331):11-29.Zhang W, and Jiarong Y. 1998. A preliminary study of ancient excavated rice from Yuchanyan site, Dao County, Hunan province, PR China. Acta Agronomica Sinica 24(4):416-420.Zhang PQ. 1997. Discussion of Chinese domesticated rice - 10,000 year-old rice at Xianrendong, Jiangxi Province. Second Session of International Symposium on Agricultural Archaeology.Zhao C, Wu X, Wang T, and Yuan X. 2004. Early polished stone tools in South China evidence of the transition from Palaeolithic to Neolithic Documenta Praehistorica 31:131-137.